Trumpa Debian'o istorija
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version: 13.7 (2025-05-17)
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Debian Publicity Team
<debian-publicity@lists.debian.org>
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atžvilgiu.
Kuriant šį dokumentą, didelį indėlį įnešė:
* Javier Fernández-Sanguino <jfs@debian.org>
* Bdale Garbee <bdale@debian.org>
* Hartmut Koptein <koptein@debian.org>
* Nils Lohner <lohner@debian.org>
* Will Lowe <lowe@debian.org>
* Bill Mitchell <Bill.Mitchell@pobox.com>
* Ianas Murdock
* Martin Schulze <joey@debian.org>
* Craig Small <csmall@debian.org>
Santrauka
Šis dokumentas aprašo Debian'o projekto istoriją ir tikslus.
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Turinys
1. Įvadas -- Kas yra Debian'o projektas?
1.1. Pradžia
1.2. Debian'o tarimas
2. Vadovavimas
3. Debian'o laidos
4. Detali istorija
4.1. Laidos 0.x
4.2. Ankstyvoji Debian'o paketų sistema
4.3. Laidos 1.x
4.4. Laidos 2.x
4.5. Laidos 3.x
4.6. Laidos 4.x
4.7. Laidos 5.x
4.8. The 6.x Releases
4.9. The 7.x Releases
4.10. The 8.x Releases
4.11. The 9.x Releases
4.12. The 10.x Releases
4.13. The 11.x Releases
5. Some Important Events
5.1. 2000 m. spalis: paketų klanų (Package Pools) įgyvendinimas
5.2. 2002 m. lapkritis: sudegė Debian'o serveris
5.3. November 2003: Several Debian servers hacked
6. Remembering People We Have Lost
6.1. 2000 m. liepa: mirė Joel Klecker
6.2. 2001 m. kovas: mirė Christopher Rutter
6.3. 2001 m. kovas: mirė Fabrizio Polacco
6.4. 2002 m. liepa: mirė Martin Butterweck
6.5. 2004 m. gegužis: mirė Manuel Estrada Sainz ir Andrés García
Solier
6.6. 2005 m. liepa: mirė Jens Schmalzing
6.7. 2008 m. gruodis: mirė Thiemo Seufer
6.8. July 2009: Steve Greenland died
6.9. August 2010: Frans Pop died
6.10. April 2011: Adrian von Bidder died
6.11. May 2013: Ray Dassen died
6.12. June 2013: Paul Cupis died
6.13. 2014 m. liepa: mirė Peter Miller
6.14. February 2015: Clytie Siddall died
6.15. 2015 m. gruodis: mirė Ian Murdock
6.16. September 2016: Kristoffer H. Rose died
6.17. September 2018: Innocent de Marchi died
6.18. March 2019: Lucy Wayland died
6.19. June 2020: Robert Lemmen died
6.20. June 2020: Karl Ramm died
6.21. January 2021: Adam Conrad died
6.22. April 2021: Rogério Theodoro de Brito died
6.23. September 2023: Abraham Raji died
6.24. December 2023: Gunnar Hjalmarsson died
6.25. July 2024: Peter De Schrijver died
6.26. November 2024: Jérémy Bobbio died
6.27. January 2025: Steve Langasek died
7. Kas toliau?
A. Debian'o manifestas
A.1. Kas tai - Debian Linux?
A.2. Kodėl Debian'as buvo sukurtas?
A.3. Kaip Debian'as stengsis įveikti šias problemas?
Skyrius 1. Įvadas -- Kas yra Debian'o projektas?
The Debian Project is a worldwide group of volunteers who
endeavor to produce an operating system distribution that is
composed entirely of free software. The principle product of the
project to date is the Debian GNU/Linux software distribution,
which includes the Linux operating system kernel, and thousands
of prepackaged applications. Various processor types are
supported to one extent or another, including 32 and 64 bit x86,
ARM, MIPS, PowerPC and IBM S/390.
Debian motivated the formation of Software in the Public
Interest, Inc., a New York-based non-profit organization. SPI was
founded to help Debian and other similar organizations develop
and distribute open hardware and software. Among other things,
SPI provides a mechanism by which The Debian Project may accept
contributions that are tax deductible in the United States.
For more information about free software, see the Debian Social
Contract and associated Debian Free Software Guidelines, or the
Debian What Does Free Mean? page.
1.1. Pradžia
The Debian Project was officially founded by Ian Murdock on
August 16th, 1993. (There is also a scanned printout of that
announcement.) At that time, the whole concept of a
"distribution" of Linux was new. Ian intended Debian to be a
distribution which would be made openly, in the spirit of Linux
and GNU (read his manifesto provided as an appendix to this
document for more details). The creation of Debian was sponsored
by the FSF's GNU project for one year (November 1994 to November
1995).
Debian'ą buvo numatoma kruopščiai ir sąžiningai surinkti į vieną
visumą, ir nemažiau atidžiai prižiūrėti bei palaikyti. Jis
pradėtas mažos, glaudžiai susimezgusios laisvos programinės
įrangos programišių (hackers) grupės, ir palaipsniui išaugo ir
tapo didele, gerai organizuota kūrėjų ir naudotojų bendruomene.
Kuomet jis buvo pradėtas, Debian'as buvo vienintelis
distributyvas, atviras kiekvienam kūrėjui ir naudotojui,
norinčiam padėti atliekant šį darbą. Jis iki šio lieka pačiu
svarbiausiu nekomerciniu Linux distributyvo tiekėju. Tai
vienintelis didelis projektas, turintis savo konstitucijos,
visuomeninio kontrakto ir savo taisyklių (policy) dokumentus,
skirtus projekto darbo organizavimui. Debian'as taip pat yra
vienintelis distributyvas, kuris supakuotas į „mikro paketus“
naudojantis detalia savitarpio priklausomybių tarp paketų
informacija, siekiant užtikrinti sistemos vientisumą atliekant
paketų atnaujinimus.
Kad būtų pasiektas ir palaikomas aukštas kokybės standartas,
Debian'as apima platų rinkinį taisyklių ir procedūrų, skirtų
programinės įrangos paketų ruošimui ir platinimui. Šie standartai
yra paremti įrankiais, automatizavimu ir dokumentacija,
realizuojančiais visus Debian'o esminius elementus atviru ir
matomu būdu.
1.2. Debian'o tarimas
Angliškai Debian'o tarimas pateikiamas taip - 'deb ee n'. Šis
vardas kilęs iš Debian'o įkūrėjo Iano ir jo žmonos Debros vardų.
Skyrius 2. Vadovavimas
Nuo 1993 metų Debian'as turėjo keletą lyderių.
1993 m. rugpjūčio mėn. Ianas Murdockas įkūrė Debian'ą ir vadovavo
jam iki 1996 m. kovo mėnesio.
Bruce Perens vadovavo Debian'ui nuo 1996 m. balandžio iki 1997 m.
gruodžio.
Ian Jackson vadovavo Debian'ui nuo 1998 m. sausio iki 1998 m.
gruodžio.
Wichert Akkerman vadovavo Debian'ui nuo 1999 m. sausio iki 2001
m. kovo.
Ben Collins vadovavo Debian'ui nuo 2001 m. balandžio iki 2002 m.
balandžio.
Bdale Garbee vadovavo Debian'ui nuo 2002 m. balandžio iki 2003 m.
balandžio.
Martin Michlmayr vadovavo Debian'ui nuo 2003 m. kovo iki 2005 m.
kovo.
Branden Robinson vadovavo Debian'ui nuo 2005 m. balandžio iki
2006 m. balandžio.
Anthony Towns vadovavo Debian'ui nuo 2006 m. balandžio iki 2007
m. balandžio.
Sam Hocevar vadovavo Debian'ui nuo 2007 m. balandžio iki 2008 m.
balandžio.
Steve McIntyre vadovavo Debian'ui nuo 2008 m. balandžio iki 2010
m. balandžio.
Stefano Zacchiroli vadovavo Debian'ui nuo 2010 m. balandžio iki
2013 m. balandžio.
Lucas Nussbaum vadovavo Debian'ui nuo 2013 m. balandžio iki 2015
m. balandžio.
Neil McGovern vadovavo Debian'ui nuo 2015 m. balandžio iki 2016
m. balandžio.
Mehdi Dogguy led Debian from April 2016 until April 2017.
Chris Lamb led Debian from April 2017 until April 2019.
Sam Hartman led Debian from April 2019 until April 2020.
Jonathan Carter led Debian from April 2020 until April 2024.
Andreas Tille was elected in April 2024 and is our current
leader.
Skyrius 3. Debian'o laidos
Debian nuo 0.01 iki versijos 0.90 (1993 m. rugpjūtis-gruodis).
Debian 0.91 (1994 m. sausis): Ši laida turėjo paprastą paketų
sistemą, kuri leido įdiegti ir pašalinti paketus. Tuo metu
projektas išaugo iki kelių tuzinų žmonių.
Debian 0.93R5 (1995 m. kovas): Tuo metu atsakomybė už kiekvieną
paketą buvo aiškiai priskirta konkrečiam vykdytojui (developer),
o po to, kai bazinė sistema būdavo įdiegta, paketų įdiegimui buvo
naudojama paketų tvarkyklė (dpkg).
Debian 0.93R6 (1995 m. lapkritis): Atsirado dselect. Tai buvo
paskutinioji Debian'o laida, naudojanti a.out binarinį formatą;
tuomet buvo apie 60 kūrėjų (developers). Kartu su 0.93R6 laida,
Bdale Garbee paleido veikti pirmą master.debian.org serverį,
kuris glaudėsi pas HP. Atviro ir aiškaus pagrindinio serverio
panaudojimas, kuriame Debian'o kūrėjai konstruotų kiekvieną
distributyvo laidą, tiesiogiai įtakojo Debian'o „veidrodžių“
tinklo formavimąsi, ir netiesiogiai daugelio taisyklių (policies)
ir procedūrų sukūrimą, naudojamų projekto tvarkymui šiandien.
Debian 1.0 was never released: InfoMagic, a CD vendor,
accidentally shipped a development release of Debian and entitled
it 1.0. On December 11th 1995, Debian and InfoMagic jointly
announced that this release was screwed. Bruce Perens explains
that the data placed on the "InfoMagic Linux Developer's Resource
5-CD Set November 1995" as "Debian 1.0" is not the Debian 1.0
release, but an early development version which is only partially
in the ELF format, will probably not boot or run correctly, and
does not represent the quality of a released Debian system. To
prevent confusion between the premature CD version and the actual
Debian release, the Debian Project has renamed its next release
to "Debian 1.1". The premature Debian 1.0 on CD is deprecated and
should not be used.
The hosting of master.debian.org moved from HP to i-Connect.Net
around the end of 1995. Michael Neuffer and Shimon Shapiro,
founders of i-Connect.Net, hosted master on their own hardware
for a little more than a year. During this time, they provided
many services to Debian, including running what was essentially
the New Maintainer process of the day, and significantly aiding
the growth of the early Debian mirror network.
Debian 1.1 Buzz (June 17th, 1996): This was the first Debian
release with a code name. It was taken, like all others so far,
from a character in one of the Toy Story movies... in this case,
Buzz Lightyear. By this time, Bruce Perens had taken over
leadership of the Project from Ian Murdock, and Bruce was working
at Pixar, the company that produced the movies. This release was
fully ELF, used Linux kernel 2.0, and contained 474 packages.
Debian 1.2 Rex (December 12th, 1996): Named for the plastic
dinosaur in the Toy Story movies. This release consisted of 848
packages maintained by 120 developers
Debian 1.3 Bo (1997 m. birželio 5 d.): Pavadinta piemenaitės Bo
Peep vardu. Ši laida sudaryta iš 974 paketų, prižiūrimų 200
kūrėjų.
Debian 2.0 Hamm (July 24th, 1998): Named for the piggy-bank in
the Toy Story movies. This was the first multi-architecture
release of Debian, adding support for the Motorola 68000 series
architectures. With Ian Jackson as Project Leader, this release
made the transition to libc6, and consisted of over 1500 packages
maintained by over 400 developers.
Debian 2.1 Slink (March 9th, 1999): Named for the slinky-dog in
the movie. Two more architectures were added, Alpha and SPARC.
With Wichert Akkerman as Project Leader, this release consisted
of about 2250 packages and required 2 CDs in the official set.
The key technical innovation was the introduction of apt, a new
package management interface. Widely emulated, apt addressed
issues resulting from Debian's continuing growth, and established
a new paradigm for package acquisition and installation on Open
Source operating systems.
Debian 2.2 Potato (15 August 2000): Named for "Mr Potato Head" in
the Toy Story movies. This release added support for the PowerPC
and ARM architectures. With Wichert still serving as Project
Leader, this release consisted of more than 3900 binary packages
derived from over 2600 source packages maintained by more than
450 Debian developers.
Debian 3.0 Woody (19 July 2002): Named for the main character the
Toy Story movies: "Woody" the cowboy. Even more architectures
were added in this release: IA-64, HP PA-RISC, MIPS (big endian),
MIPS (little endian) and S/390. This is also the first release to
include cryptographic software due to the restrictions for
exportation being lightened in the US, and also the first one to
include KDE, now that the license issues with Qt were resolved.
With Bdale Garbee recently appointed Project Leader, and more
than 900 Debian developers, this release contained around 8,500
binary packages and 7 binary CDs in the official set.
Debian 3.1 Sarge (6 June 2005): named for the sergeant of the
Green Plastic Army Men. No new architectures were added to the
release, although an unofficial AMD64 port was published at the
same time and distributed through the new Alioth project hosting
site. This release features a new installer: debian-installer, a
modular piece of software that feature automatic hardware
detection, unattended installation features and was released
fully translated to over thirty languages. It was also the first
release to include a full office suite: OpenOffice.org. Branden
Robinson had just been appointed as Project Leader. This release
was made by more than nine hundred Debian developers, and
contained around 15,400 binary packages and 14 binary CDs in the
official set.
Debian 4.0 Etch (8 April 2007): named for the sketch toy in the
movie. One architecture was added in this release: AMD64, and
official support for m68k was dropped. This release continued
using the debian-installer, but featuring in this release a
graphical installer, cryptographic verification of downloaded
packages, more flexible partitioning (with support for encrypted
partitions), simplified mail configuration, a more flexible
desktop selection, simplified but improved localization and new
modes, including a rescue mode. New installations would not need
to reboot through the installation process as the previous two
phases of installation were now integrated. This new installer
provided support for scripts using composed characters and
complex languages in its graphical version, increasing the number
of available translations to over fifty. Sam Hocevar was
appointed Project Leader the very same day, and the project
included more than one thousand and thirty Debian developers. The
release contained around 18,000 binary packages over 20 binary
CDs (3 DVDs) in the official set. There were also two binary CDs
available to install the system with alternate desktop
environments different to the default one.
Debian 5.0 Lenny (February 2009): named for the wind up
binoculars in the Toy Story movies. One architecture was added in
this release: ARM EABI (or armel), providing support for newer
ARM processors and deprecating the old ARM port (arm). The m68k
port was not included in this release, although it was still
provided in the unstable distribution. This release did not
feature the FreeBSD port, although much work on the port had been
done to make it qualify it did not meet yet the qualification
requirements for this release.
Support of small factor devices in this release was increased by
the added support for Marvell's Orion platform which was used in
many storage devices and also provided supported several
Netbooks. Some new build tools were added which allowed Debian
packages to be cross-built and shrunk for embedded ARM systems.
Also, netbooks of varied vendors were now supported and the
distribution provided software more suitable for computers with
relatively low performance.
It was also the first release to provide free versions of Sun's
Java technology, making it possible to provide Java applications
in the main section.
Debian 6.0 Squeeze (February 2011): named for the green
three-eyed aliens.
The release was frozen on August 6, 2010, with many of the Debian
developers gathered at the 10th DebConf at New York City.
While two architectures (alpha and hppa) were dropped, two
architectures of the new FreeBSD port (kfreebsd-i386 and
kfreebsd-amd64) were made available as technology preview,
including the kernel and userland tools as well as common server
software (though not advanced desktop features yet). This was the
first time a Linux distribution has been extended to also allow
use of a non-Linux kernel.
The new release introduced a dependency based boot sequence,
which allowed for parallel init script processing, speeding
system startup.
Debian 6 was the first release that benefited from Long Term
Support (LTS), a project to extend the lifetime of all Debian
stable releases to (at least) 5 years. Debian LTS was not handled
by the Debian Security team, but by a separate group of
volunteers and companies interested in making it a success.
Debian 6 was supported until the end of February 2016, and
limited to i386 and amd64 architectures.
Debian 7.0 Wheezy (May 2013): named for the rubber toy penguin
with a red bow tie.
The release was frozen on June 30, 2012, very close to the Debian
developers gathering in the 12th DebConf at Managua, Nicaragua.
One architecture was included in this release (armhf) and this
release introduced multi-arch support, which allowed users to
install packages from multiple architectures on the same machine.
Improvements in the installation process allowed visually
impaired people to install the system using software speech for
the first time.
This was also the first release that supported the installation
and booting in devices using UEFI firmware.
Debian 7 had Long Term Support (LTS) for i386, amd64, armel and
armhf architectures until the end of May 2018.
Debian 8 Jessie (April 2015): named for the cow girl doll who
first appeared in Toy Story 2.
This release introduced for the first time the systemd init
system as default. Two new architectures were introduced: arm64
and ppc64el and three architectures were dropped: s390 (replaced
by s390x), ia64 and sparc. The Sparc architecture had been
present in Debian for 16 years, but lacked developer support to
make it maintainable in the distribution.
The release included many security improvements such as a new
kernel that nullified a whole set of security vulnerabilities
(symlink attacks), a new way to detect packages which were under
security support, more packages built with hardened compiler
flags and a new mechanism (needrestart) to detect sub-systems
which had to be restarted in order to propagate security updates
after an upgrade.
Debian 8 had Long Term Support (LTS) for i386, amd64, armel and
armhf architectures until the end of June 2020.
Debian 9 Stretch (June 2017): named for the toy rubber octopus
with suckers on her eight long arms that appeared in Toy Story 3.
The release was frozen on February 7th, 2017.
Debian 9 was dedicated to the project's founder Ian Murdock, who
passed away on 28 December 2015.
Support for the powerpc architecture was dropped in this release,
whileas the mips64el architecture was introduced. This release
introduced debug packages with a new repository in the archive,
packages from this repository provided debug symbols
automatically for packages. Firefox and Thunderbird returned to
Debian, replacing their debranded versions Iceweasel and Icedove,
which were present in the archive for more than 10 years. Thanks
to the Reproducible Builds project, over 90% of the source
packages included in Debian 9 were able to build bit-for-bit
identical binary packages.
Debian 9 had Long Term Support (LTS) for i386, amd64, armel and
armhf architectures until the end of June 2022.
Debian 10 Buster (July 2019): named for Andy's pet dog, received
as Christmas present in the end of Toy Story.
With this release Debian for the first time included a mandatory
access control framework enabled per default (AppArmor). It was
also the first Debian release to ship with Rust based programs
such as Firefox, ripgrep, fd, exa, etc. and a significant number
of Rust based libraries (more than 450). In Debian 10 GNOME
defaults to using the Wayland display server instead of Xorg,
providing a simpler and more modern design and advantages for
security. The UEFI ("Unified Extensible Firmware Interface")
support first introduced in Debian 7 continued to be greatly
improved in Debian 10, being included for amd64, i386 and arm64
architectures and working out of the box on most Secure
Boot-enabled machines.
Debian 10 had Long Term Support (LTS) for i386, amd64, armel and
armhf architectures until the end of June 2024.
Debian 11 Bullseye (August 14th, 2021): named for Woody's wooden
toyhorse that appeared in Toy Story 2.
This release contained over 11,294 new packages for a total count
of 59,551 packages, along with a significant reduction of over
9,519 packages which were marked as "obsolete" and removed.
42,821 packages were updated and 5,434 packages remained
unchanged.
Debian 11 allowed driverless printing and scanning without the
need for vendor specific (often non-free) drivers, and shipped a
Linux kernel with support for the exFAT filesystem. The mips
architecture support was dropped, keeping support for mipsel
(little-endian) architectures for 32-bit hardware and mips64el
architecture for 64-bit little-endian hardware.
The Debian Med team took part in the fight against COVID-19 by
packaging software for researching the virus on the sequence
level and for fighting the pandemic with the tools used in
epidemiology; this work continued with focus on machine learning
tools for both fields.
Debian 12 Bookworm (June 10th, 2023): named for a green toy worm
with a built-in flashlight that appeared in Toy Story 3.
This release contained over 11,089 new packages for a total count
of 64,419 packages, while over 6,296 packages have been removed
as "obsolete". 43,254 packages were updated in this release. The
overall disk usage for bookworm is 365,016,420 kB (365 GB), and
is made up of 1,341,564,204 lines of code.
Following the 2022 General Resolution about non-free firmware,
the Debian Social Contract got adjusted and a new archive area
called non-free-firmware got introduced, making it possible to
separate non-free firmware from the other non-free packages. Most
non-free firmware packages have been moved from non-free to
non-free-firmware. This separation makes it possible to build a
variety of official installation images. And it makes installing
Debian on popular hardware using the official Debian installer
much easier.
A total of nine architectures are officially supported for
bookworm.
The Debian Cloud team publishes bookworm for three popular cloud
computing services.
Between releases, in Bug#978636 (Feb 2021), the Technical
Committee resolved that Debian bookworm would support only the
merged-usr^[1] root filesystem layout, dropping support for the
non-merged-usr layout. For systems installed as buster or
bullseye there would be no changes to the filesystem; however,
systems using the older layout would be converted during the
upgrade.
Thanks to the combined work of the Debian Security team and the
Debian Long Term Support team, bookworm will be supported on four
architectures until June 2028 (5 years after release).
Debian 13 Trixie (as of August 2024 the testing distribution):
Trixie is a blue toy Triceratops that appeared in Toy Story 3.
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^[1] usr-merge (or merged-usr or /usr-move) is a filesystem
layout where the traditional unix directories /bin, /sbin, /lib
and /lib64 are replaced by symbolic links to their counterparts
under /usr. So e.g. /bin is replaced by a symlink to /usr/bin .
In 2012, usr-merge was implemented by Fedora Linux as well as by
Ubuntu Linux. See also The Case For The Usr Merge and the
Bookworm Release Notes.
Skyrius 4. Detali istorija
4.1. Laidos 0.x
Debian was begun in August 1993 by Ian Murdock, then an
undergraduate at Purdue University. Debian was sponsored by the
GNU Project of The Free Software Foundation, the organization
started by Richard Stallman and associated with the General
Public License (GPL), for one year -- from November 1994 to
November 1995.
Laikotarpyje nuo 1993 m. rugpjūčio iki gruodžio buvo išleistos
laidos nuo Debian 0.01 iki Debian 0.90. Ianas Murdockas rašė:
„Debian 0.91 laida buvo išleista 1994 m. sausio mėnesyje. Ji
turėjo primityvią paketų sistemą, kuri leido naudotojams
manipuliuoti paketais, bet ne daugiau (žinoma, neturėjo paketų
priklausomybių ir panašių dalykų). Tuo metu prie Debian'o dirbo
keli tuzinai žmonių, tačiau šią laidą į vieną visumą daugiausiai
sudėjau aš pats. 0.91 laida buvo paskutinioji, atlikta tokiu
būdu.
1994 metai pagrinde buvo išnaudoti Debian'o projekto
perorganizavimui taip, kad kiti galėtų efektyviau padėti
projektui, bei programos dpkg kūrimui (už tai didžia dalimi buvo
atsakingas Ianas Jacksonas). Kiek aš pamenu, 1994 metais mes
neišleidome viešų laidų, tačiau tam, kad nukreiptumėme procesą
teisinga linkme, išleidome keletą vidinių laidų.
Debian 0.93 5-tos laidos išleidimas įvyko 1995 m. kovo men., ir
tai buvo pirma „moderni“ Debian'o laida: dalyvavo daug daugiau
kūrėjų (tačiau nepamenu tiksliai, kiek), kiekvienas prižiūrėjo
savo paketus, ir dpkg buvo naudojamas visų šių paketų įdiegimui
ir tvarkymui, po to, kai bazinė sistema būdavo įdiegta.
Debian 0.93 Release 6 happened in November 1995 and was the last
a.out release. There were about sixty developers maintaining
packages in 0.93R6. If I remember correctly, dselect first
appeared in 0.93R6."
Ianas Murdockas taip pat pažymėjo, kad Debian 0.93R6 „...
visuomet buvo mano mėgiamiausia Debian'o laida“, nors jis spėja,
kad tai galbūt dėl jo galimybės turėti asmeninę įtaka, kadangi
1996 m. kovo mėn. jis nustojo aktyviai dirbti projekte. Tuo metu
buvo ruošiamasi Debian 1.0 laidos išleidimui, kuri iš tikrųjų
buvo išleista kaip Debian 1.1 laida, tam kad būtų išvengta
nesusipratimų po to, kai CD-ROM gamintojas klaidingai pažymėjo
dar neišleistą versiją kaip Debian 1.0. Šis incidentas įvedė
„oficialių“ CD-ROM'ų sąvoką, kaip projekto būdą padėti
prekiautojams išvengti šios rūšies klaidų.
1995 m. rugpjūtyje (tarp Debian 0.93R5 ir Debian 0.93R6 laidų),
Hartmut Koptein pradėjo pirmąjį Debiana'o pritaikymą (port)
Motorola m68k šeimai. Jis pranešė, kad „Daug, daug paketų buvo
i386-orientuotų (little endian, -m486, -O6 ir viskas libc4
bibliotekai), ir tai buvo sunkus laikas ruošiant paradinę paketų
bazę mano kompiuteryje (Atari Medusa 68040, 32 MHz). Po trijų
mėnesių (1995 m. lapkrityje) aš įkėliau į archyvą 200 paketų iš
250 galimų, ir visi jie libc5 bibliotekai!“. Veliau jis, kartu su
Vincent Renardias ir Martin Schulze pradėjo kitą pritaikymą,
skirtą PowerPC šeimai.
Since this time, the Debian Project has grown to include several
ports to other architectures, a port to a new (non-Linux) kernel,
the GNU Hurd microkernel, and at least one flavor of BSD kernel.
To laikotarpio projekto narys Bill Mitchell, atsimena apie Linux
branduolį
„... mes pradėjome dirbti tarp 0.99r8 ir 0.99r15 laidų. Ilgą
laiką aš galėjau sukompiliuoti branduolį greičiau nei per 30
minučių ant 20 MHz 386 procesoriaus mašinos, ir taip pat galėjau
įdiegti Debian'ą per tokį patį laiko tarpą į 10Mb disko vietos.
„... Aš prisimenu pradinę kūrėjų grupę, įskaitant Ianą Murdocką,
mane patį, kitą Ianą, kurio pavardės neatmenu, Daną Quinlaną, ir
dar keletą kitų žmonių, kurių vardų neatsimenu. Mattas Welshas
buvo arba pradinės grupės narys, arba prisijungė prie jos gana
anksti (jis palikęs projektą nuo to laiko). Kažkas suderino pašto
konferenciją (mailing list) ir mes pradėjome veikti.
Kiek aš pamenu, mes nepradėjome nuo kažkokio plano, ir
nepradėjome labai organizuotai sudarinėti bendro plano. Pačioje
pradžioje, kiek pamenu, mes pradėjome rinkti gana atsitiktinį
išeities tekstų paketų rinkinį. Po kurio laiko, mes sutelkėme
dėmesį į dalykus, kurie kartu turėtų įeiti į distributyvo
pagrindą: branduolį, apvalkalą (shell), update, getty, įvairias
kitas programas ir failus, reikiamus sistemos paleidimui, ir į
svarbiausių pagalbinių programų (utilities) rinkinį.“
4.2. Ankstyvoji Debian'o paketų sistema
Ankstyvojoje projekto stadijoje jo nariai nusprendė platinti tik
išeities tekstų paketus. Kiekvienas paketas turėtų būti sudarytas
iš pagrindinių autorių (upstream) išeities teksto ir debianizuoto
patch failo, o naudotojas turėtų išarchyvuoti išeities tekstus,
pritaikyti patch failus ir pats susikompiliuoti binarinius
failus. Tačiau greitai jie suprato, kad tam tikra binarinių failų
platinimo schema turėtų būti reikalinga. Ankstyviausias paketų
įrankis, parašytas Iano Murdocko, ir pavadintas dpkg, sukūręs
Debian'ui specifinį binarinių paketų formatą, ir šis įrankis
galėjo būti naudojamas paketų išpakavimui ir jo failų įdiegimui.
Netrukus Ianas Jacksonas perėmė paketų įrankio kūrimą, pervadino
jį dpkg-deb vardu, o jo naudojimo palengvinimui parašė front-end
programą pavadindamas ją dpkg. Šis įrankis suteikė tokias
šiandieninio Debian'o sistemos savybes, kaip priklausomybės
(Dependencies) ir konfliktai (Conflicts). Šių įrankių sukurti
paketai turėjo antraštę (header), kurioje buvo nurodyta paketą
sukūrusio įrankio versija bei poslinkis iki tar programa sukurto
archyvo, atskirto nuo antraštės tam tikra valdymo informacija.
Tuo metu tarp projekto narių užsimezgė diskusija -- kai kurie
manė, kad specialaus Debian'o formato, sukurto su dpkg-deb,
turėtų būti atsisakyta, ir reikėtų naudoti formatą sukuriamą
programos ar pagalba. Po keleto peržiūrėtų failų formatų ir
peržiūrėtų atitinkamų paketų tvarkymo įrankių, buvo pasirinktas
ar formatas. Šio pakeitimo esminė vertybė ta, kad Debian'o paketą
galima išpakuoti bet kurioje Unix tipo sistemoje, nenaudojant
nepatikimų programų. Kitais žodžiais tariant, tik standartiniai
įrankiai, egzistuojantys bet kurioje Unix sistemoje, tokie kaip
'ar' ir 'tar', yra reikalingi Debian'o paketo išpakavimui ir jo
turinio analizei.
4.3. Laidos 1.x
Kuomet Ianas Murdockas paliko Debian'ą, jis paskyrė Bruce Perens
sekančiu projekto vadovu. Pirmiausia Bruce susidomėjo Debian'u,
kuomet jis bandė sukurti Linux distributyvo CD, vadinamą "Linux
for Hams", kuris turėtų visą Linux programinę įranga naudingą
radijo mėgėjų sporto operatoriams. Supratęs, kad šiam sumanymui
įgyvendinti teks įdėti daug darbo tobulinant Debian'o bazinę
sistemos dalį, Bruce atidėjo savo sumanymą ir aktyviai ėmėsi
dirbti prie bazinės sistemos dalies ir atitinkamų įdiegimo
įrankių, įskaitant ir pirmąjį Debian'o įdiegimo scenarijų
(scripts) rinkinį (kartu su Ianu Murdocku), galų gale tapusiu
tuo, ką mes šiandien vadiname Debian'o atstatymo diskeliu (Debian
Rescue Floppy), kuris keletui Debian'o laidų buvo esminiu
įdiegimo įrankių rinkinio komponentu.
Ianas Murdockas pareiškė:
„Bruce pasirinkimas mano įpėdiniu buvo natūralus, kadangi jis
beveik metus laiko prižiūrėjo sistemos bazinę dalį, ir
užpildydavo visas spragas tuo metu, kai aš galėjau skirti
Debian'ui vis mažiau laiko.“
He initiated several important facets of the project, including
coordinating the effort to produce the Debian Free Software
Guidelines and the Debian Social Contract, and initiating an Open
Hardware Project. During his time as Project Leader, Debian
gained market share and a reputation as a platform for serious,
technically-capable Linux users.
Bruce Perens also spearheaded the effort to create Software in
the Public Interest, Inc.. Originally intended to provide the
Debian Project with a legal entity capable of accepting
donations, its aims quickly expanded to include supporting free
software projects outside the Debian Project.
Šiuo laikotarpiu buvo išleistos tokios Debian'o versijos:
* 1.1 Buzz išleista 1996 m. birželyje (474 paketai, 2.0
branduolys, pilnai ELF, dpkg)
* 1.2 Rex išleista 1996 m. gruodyje (848 paketai, 120 kūrėjų)
* 1.3 Bo išleista 1997 m. liepos mėnesyje (974 paketai, 200
kūrėjų)
Po 1.3 laidos buvo išleistos kelios tarpinės laidos, iš kurių
paskutinioji buvo 1.3.1R6.
1998 m. sausyje Debian'o lyderio poste Bruce Perens pakeitė Ianas
Jacksonas, kuris vadovavo projektui 2.0 laidos ruošimo
laikotarpiu.
4.4. Laidos 2.x
Ianas Jacksonas tapo Debian'o projekto vadovu 1998 m. pradžioje,
ir greitai po to buvo įtrauktas į organizacijos Software in the
Public Interest komitetą, viceprezidento pareigose. Atleidus
iždininką (Tim Sailer), prezidentą (Bruce Perens) ir sekretorių
(Ian Murdock), jis tapo komiteto prezidentu, ir kartu buvo
pasirinkti trys nauji nariai: Martin Schulze (viceprezidentas),
Dale Scheetz (sekretorius) ir Nils Lohner (iždininkas).
Debian 2.0 (Hamm) laida išleista 1998 m. liepos mėnesyje. Intel
i386 ir Motorola 68000 serijos architektūroms. Ši laida pažymėta
perėjimu prie naujos C bibliotekų sistemos versijos (glibc2 arba
istoriniais sumetimais - libc6). Laidos išleidimo metu projekte
buvo virš 1500 paketų, prižiūrimų daugiau nei 400 Debian'o
kūrėjų.
Wichert Akkerman succeeded Ian Jackson as Debian Project Leader
in January of 1999. Debian 2.1 was released on 09 March, 1999,
after being delayed by a week when a few last-minute issues
arose.
Debian 2.1 (Slink) featured official support for two new
architectures: Alpha and Sparc. The X-Windows packages included
with Debian 2.1 were greatly reorganized from previous releases,
and 2.1 included apt, the next-generation Debian package manager
interface. Also, this release of Debian was the first to require
2 CD-ROMs for the "Official Debian CD set"; the distribution
included about 2250 packages.
On 21 April 1999, Corel Corporation and the K Desktop Project
effectively formed an alliance with Debian when Corel announced
its intentions to release a Linux distribution based on Debian
and the desktop environment produced by the KDE group. During the
following spring and summer months, another Debian-based
distribution, Storm Linux, appeared, and the Debian Project chose
a new logo, featuring both an Official version for use on
Debian-sanctioned materials such as CD-ROMs and official Project
web sites, and an Unofficial logo for use on material mentioning
or derived from Debian.
A new, unique, Debian port also began at this time, for the Hurd
port. This is the first port to use a non-Linux kernel, instead
using the GNU Hurd, a version of the GNU Mach microkernel.
Debian developers joined formally for the first time in an annual
meeting called DebConf. The first meeting, called Debconf0, took
place in Bordeaux, France from the 5th to the 9th of July 2000.
The conference aim was to join developers and advanced users in a
single place to talk about Debian and work together developing
parts of the distribution.
Debian 2.2 (Potato) laida išleista 2000 m. rugpjūčio mėn. 15 d.
Intel i386, Motorola 68000 serijos, alpha, SUN Sparc, PowerPC ir
ARM architektūroms. Tai buvo pirmoji laida turinti PowerPC ir ARM
pritaikymus. Išleidimo metu buvo virš 3900 binarinių paketų ir
virš 2600 išeities tekstų paketų, prižiūrimų daugiau nei 450-ties
Debian'o kūrėjų.
An interesting fact about Debian 2.2 is that it showed how a free
software effort could lead to a modern operating system despite
all the issues around it. This was studied thoroughly by a group
of interested people in an article called Counting potatoes: The
size of Debian 2.2, by Jesús González Barahona, quoting from this
article:
„[...] mes naudojam A. Wheeler'io sloccount sistemą Debian'o 2.2
(aka potato) išeities teksto fiziniam eilučių (source lines of
code (SLOC)) skaičiui nustatyti. Mes rodome, kad Debian'as 2.2
apima virš 55,000,000 fizinių SLOC (beveik dvigubai daugiau, nei
Red Hat 7.1, išleistas apie 8-nis mėnesius vėliau), tuo
parodydami, kad Debian'o kūrimo modelis (paremtas didelės grupės
savanorišku kūrėjų, pasklidusių po visą pasaulį, darbu) yra ne
mažiau veiksnus, nei kiti kūrimo modeliai [...] Tai taip pat
rodo, kad jei Debian'as naudotų tradicinius nuosavybinius
metodus, COCOMO modelio apskaičiavimais, Debian'o 2.2 kūrimas
kainuotų netoli 1.9 milijardų JAV dolerių. Šalia to, mes siūlome
distributyve naudojamų programavimo kalbų (C kiekis sudaro apie
70%, C++ apie 10%, LISP ir Shell apie 5%, ir toliau seka daug
kitų) ir didžiausių paketų (Mozilla, Linux branduolys, PM3,
XFree86, ir t.t.) analizę.“
4.5. Laidos 3.x
Before woody could even begin to be prepared for release, a
change to the archive system on ftp-master had to be made.
Package pools, which enabled special purpose distributions, such
as the new "Testing" distribution used for the first time to get
woody ready for release, were activated on ftp-master in mid
December 2000. A package pool is just a collection of different
versions of a given package, from which multiple distributions
(currently experimental, unstable, testing, and stable) can draw
packages, which are then included in that distribution's Packages
file.
Tuo paču metu buvo įvestas naujas testing distributyvas.
Pagrindinai paketai iš unstable, kurie laikomi jau stabiliais,
perkeliami į testing šaką (po kelių savaičių periodo). Šio
įvedimo tikslas buvo sumažinti sustabdymo (freeze) laiką ir
suteikti projektui galimybę ruošti naują laidą bet kuriuo metu.
Tuo metu kai kurios kompanijos, platinančios modifikuotą Debian'o
versiją, užsidarė. Corel pardavė savo Linux skyrių 2001 m.
pirmame ketvirtyje, Stormix paskelbė apie bankrotą 2001 m. sausio
17 d., o Progeny liovėsi kurti savo distributyvą 2001 m. spalio
mėn. 1d.
The freeze for the next release started on July 1st 2001.
However, it took the project a little more than a year to get to
the next release, due to problems in boot-floppies, because of
the introduction of cryptographic software in the main archive
and due to the changes in the underlying architecture (the
incoming archive and the security architecture). In that time,
however, the stable release (Debian 2.2) was revised up to seven
times, and two Project Leaders were elected: Ben Collins (in
2001) and Bdale Garbee. Also, work in many areas of Debian
besides packaging kept growing, including internationalization,
Debian's web site (over a thousand web pages) was translated into
over 20 different languages, and installation for the next
release was ready in 23 languages. Two internal projects: Debian
Junior (for children) and Debian Med (for medical practice and
research) started during the woody release time frame providing
the project with different focuses to make Debian suitable for
those tasks.
The work around Debian didn't stop the developers from joining
the annual DebConf meeting. The second meeting Debconf1 was held
from the 2nd to the 5th of July together with the Libre Software
Meeting (LSM) at Bordeaux (France) gathered around forty Debian
developers. The third conference, Debconf2 took place in Toronto
(Canada) July 5th 2002 with over eighty participants.
Debian 3.0 (woody) laida išleista 2002 m. liepos mėn. 19 d. Intel
i386, Motorola 68000 serjos, alpha, SUN Sparc, PowerPC, ARM, HP
PA-RISC, IA-64, MIPS, MIPS (DEC) ir IBM s/390 architektūroms. Tai
pirmoji laida turinti HP PA-RISC, IA-64, MIPS, MIPS (DEC) ir IBM
s/390 pritaikymus. Išleidimo metu buvo apie 8500 binarinių
paketų, prižiūrimų daugiau virš devynių šimtų Debian'o kūrėjų. Ji
tapo pirmąja laida platinama ne tik CD-ROM laikmenose, bet ir DVD
informacijos nešėjais.
Before the next release the DebConf annual meeting continued with
the fourth conference, DebConf3 taking place in Oslo from July
18th to July 20th 2003 with over one hundred and twenty
participants, with a DebCamp preceding it, from July 12th to July
17th. The fifth conference, DebConf4, took place from May 26th to
June 2nd 2004 in Porto Alegre, Brazil with over one hundred and
sixty participants from twenty six different countries.
Debian 3.1 (sarge) was released June 6th, 2005 for the same
architectures as woody, although an unofficial AMD64 port was
released at the same time using the project hosting
infrastructure provided for the distribution and available at
Alioth (formerly at https://alioth.debian.org). There were around
15,000 binary packages maintained by more than nine hundred
Debian developers.
Šioje sarge laidoje buvo daug svarbių pakeitimų, ir tai buvo
pagrindinė priežastis, kodėl taip ilgai truko distributyvo
„užšaldymas“ ir išleidimas. Šioje laidoje buvo atnaujinta ne tik
virš 73% programinės įrangos, tiektos ankstesnėje versijoje, bet
ji taip pat talpino daug daugiau programinės įrangos, nei
ankstesnės laidos. Tai beveik padvigubino jos dydį 9.000 naujų
paketų, įskaitant OpenOffice rinkinį, interneto naršyklę Firefox
ir e-pašto klientą Thunderbird.
This release shipped with the 2.4 and 2.6 Linux kernel series,
XFree86 4.3, GNOME 2.8 and KDE 3.3 and with a brand new
installer. This new installer replaced the aging boot-floppies
installer with a modular design with provided for more advanced
installations (with RAID, XFS and LVM support) including hardware
detection and making installations easier for novice users of all
the architectures. It also switched to aptitude as the selected
tool for package management. But the installation system also
boasted full internationalization support as the software was
translated into almost forty languages. The supporting
documentation: installation manual and release notes, were made
available with the release in ten and fifteen different languages
respectively.
Ši laida laida apjungė Debian-Edu/Skolelinux, Debian-Med ir
Debian-Accessibility subprojektų pastangas, kurios išplėtė
mokomųjų programų skaičių, medicininės paskirties programų ir
taip pat paketų, sukurtų specialiai žmonėms su negalia, skaičių.
The sixth DebConf, Debconf5 was held in Espoo, Finland, from July
10th to July 17th, 2005 with over three hundred participants.
Videos from this conference are available online.
The seventh DebConf, Debconf6 was held in Oaxtepec, Mexico, from
May 14th to May 22nd, 2006 with around two hundred participants.
Videos and pictures from this conference are available online.
4.6. Laidos 4.x
Debian 4.0 (etch) was released April 8th, 2007 for the same
number of architectures as in sarge. This included the AMD64 port
but dropped support for m68k. The m68k port was, however, still
available in the unstable distribution. There were around 18,200
binary packages maintained by more than one thousand and thirty
Debian developers.
4.7. Laidos 5.x
Debian 5.0 (lenny) was released February 14th, 2009 for one more
architecture than its predecessor, etch. This included the port
for newer ARM processors. As with the previous release, support
for the m68k architecture was still available in unstable. There
were around 23,000 binary packages (built from over 12,000 source
packages) maintained by more than one thousand and ten Debian
developers.
With the release of Debian lenny, the naming scheme for point
releases was changed: point releases will use a true micro
version number, so the first point release of Debian lenny will
be 5.0.1. In the past point releases were named by an r plus the
number appended to major and minor number, e.g. 4.0r1.
The eighth DebConf, Debconf7, was held in Edinburgh, Scotland,
from June 17th to 23th, 2007 with over four hundred participants.
Videos and pictures from this conference are available online.
The ninth DebConf, Debconf8, was held in Mar de Plata, Argentina,
from August 10th to 16th, 2008 with over two hundred
participants. Videos and pictures from this conference are
available online.
The tenth DebConf, Debconf9, was held in Cáceres, Spain, from
July 23th to 30th, 2009 with over two hundred participants.
Videos and pictures from this conference are available online.
The eleventh DebConf, Debconf10, was held in New York City,
United States of America, from August 1st to 7th, 2010 with
DebCamp preceding it from July 25th to 31st. Over 200 people
including Debian developers, maintainers, users gathered at the
Columbia Campus to participate in the conference. Videos and
pictures from this conference are available online.
4.8. The 6.x Releases
Debian 6.0 (squeeze) was released February 6th, 2011.
After the project decided, the 29th of July 2009, to adopt
time-based freezes so that new releases would be published the
first half of every even year. Squeeze was a one-time exception
to the two-year policy in order to get into the new time
schedule.
This policy was adopted in order to provide better predictability
of releases for users of the Debian distribution, and also allow
Debian developers to do better long-term planning. A two-year
release cycle provided more time for disruptive changes, reducing
inconveniences caused for users. Having predictable freezes was
expected also to reduce overall freeze time.
However, even though the freeze was expected in December 2009,
the announcement that squeeze had frozen came in August 2010,
coinciding with the celebration of the 10th annual DebConf
meeting in New York.
New features include:
* Linux Kernel 2.6.32, now completely free and without
problematic firmware files.
* libc: eglibc 2.11
* GNOME 2.30.0 with some pieces of 2.32
* KDE 4.4.5
* X.org 7.5
* Xfce 4.6
* OpenOffice.org 3.2.1
* Apache 2.2.16
* PHP 5.3.3
* MySQL 5.1.49
* PostgreSQL 8.4.6
* Samba 3.5.6
* GCC 4.4
* Perl 5.10
* Python 2.6 and 3.1
* 10,000 new packages, for more than 29,000 binary packages
built from nearly 15,000 source packages.
* DKMS, a framework to generate Linux kernel modules whose
sources do not reside in the Linux kernel source tree.
* Dependency-based ordering of init scripts using insserv,
allowing parallel execution to shorten the time needed to
boot the system.
* Two new ports, kfreebsd-i386 and kfreebsd-amd64.
Many packages started using a new source package format based on
quilt. This new format, called "3.0 (quilt)" for non-native
packages, separates Debian patches from the distributed source
code. A new format, "3.0 (native)", was also introduced for
native packages. New features in these formats include support
for multiple upstream tarballs, support for bzip2 and lzma
compressed tarballs and the inclusion of binary files.
The twelfth DebConf, Debconf11, was held in Banja Luka, Republic
of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina, from 24 to 30 July 2011, with
DebCamp preceding it from 17 to 23 July.
The thirteenth DebConf, Debconf12, was held in Managua,
Nicaragua, from 8 to 14 July 2012, with DebCamp preceding it from
1 to 6 July, and a Debian Day on 7 July.
4.9. The 7.x Releases
Debian 7.0 (wheezy) was released May 4th, 2013. This new version
of Debian included various interesting features such as multiarch
support, several specific tools to deploy private clouds, an
improved installer, and a complete set of multimedia codecs and
front-ends which removed the need for third-party repositories.
After the release of Debian wheezy, the naming scheme for point
releases was changed once again: point releases will be named by
the minor version number, e.g. 7.1. In the past point releases
were named by the micro number appended to major and minor
number, e.g. 6.0.1.
During the Debian Conference DebConf11, in July 2011, the
"multiarch support" was introduced. This feature was a release
goal for this release. Multiarch is a radical rethinking of the
filesystem hierarchy with respect to library and header paths, to
make programs and libraries of different hardware architectures
easily installable in parallel on the very same system. This
allows users to install packages from multiple architectures on
the same machine. This is useful in various ways, but the most
common is installing both 64 and 32-bit software on the same
machine and having dependencies correctly resolved automatically.
This feature is described extensively in the Multiarch manual.
The installation process was greatly improved. The system could
be installed using software speech, above all by visually
impaired people who do not use a Braille device. Thanks to the
combined efforts of a huge number of translators, the
installation system was available in 73 languages, and more than
a dozen of them were available for speech synthesis too. In
addition, for the first time, Debian supported installation and
booting using UEFI for new 64-bit PCs, although there was no
support for Secure Boot yet.
Other new features and updated software packages included:
* Linux Kernel 3.2
* kFreeBSD kernel 8.3 and 9.0
* libc: eglibc 2.13
* the GNOME 3.4 desktop environment
* KDE Plasma Workspaces and KDE Applications 4.8.4
* the Xfce 4.8 desktop environment
* X.org 7.7
* LibreOffice 3.5.4 (replacing OpenOffice)
* Xen Hypervisor 4.1.4
* Apache 2.2.22
* Tomcat 6.0.35 and 7.0.28
* PHP 5.4
* MySQL 5.5.30
* PostgreSQL 9.1
* Samba 3.6.6
* GCC 4.7 on PCs (4.6 elsewhere)
* Perl 5.14
* Python 2.7
* 12,800 new packages, for more than 37,400 binary packages
built from nearly 17,500 source packages.
For more information on the new features introduced in this
release, see the What's new in Debian 7.0 chapter of Wheezy
Release Notes.
The fourteenth DebConf Debconf13, was held in Vaumarcus,
Switzerland, from 11 to 18 August 2013, with DebCamp preceding it
from 6 to 10 August, and a Debian Day on 11 August.
The fifteenth DebConf Debconf14, was held in Portland, United
States of America, from 23 to 31 August 2014. With 301 attendees
it was the largest Debconf in the Western hemisphere to date.
4.10. The 8.x Releases
Debian 8.0 (Jessie) was released April 25th, 2015.
A major change in this release was the replacement of the init
system: systemd replaced sysvinit. This new init system featured
many improvements and faster boot times. Its inclusion, however,
sparked a lot of debate in the different mailing lists and even
led to a General Resolution titled init system coupling. which
was voted by close to half of the developers^[2].
Other new features and updated software packages included:
* Apache 2.4.10
* Asterisk 11.13.1
* GIMP 2.8.14
* an updated version of the GNOME desktop environment 3.14
* GNU Compiler Collection 4.9.2
* Icedove 31.6.0 (an unbranded version of Mozilla Thunderbird)
* Iceweasel 31.6.0esr (an unbranded version of Mozilla Firefox)
* KDE Plasma Workspaces and KDE Applications 4.11.13
* LibreOffice 4.3.3
* Linux 3.16.7-ctk9
* MariaDB 10.0.16 and MySQL 5.5.42
* Nagios 3.5.1
* OpenJDK 7u75
* Perl 5.20.2
* PHP 5.6.7
* PostgreSQL 9.4.1
* Python 2.7.9 and 3.4.2
* Samba 4.1.17
* Tomcat 7.0.56 and 8.0.14
* Xen Hypervisor 4.4.1
* the Xfce 4.10 desktop environment
* more than 43,000 other ready-to-use software packages, built
from nearly 20,100 source packages.
For more information on the new features introduced in this
release, see the What's new in Debian 8.0 chapter of Jessie
Release Notes.
The sixteenth DebConf Debconf15, with DebCamp and the Open
Weekend, took place in Heidelberg, Germany, from 9 to 22 August
2015.
The seventeenth DebConf Debconf16 was held in Cape Town, South
Africa, from 23 June to 9 July 2016 (preceded by DebCamp and
DebianDay). It was the first DebConf in Africa.
4.11. The 9.x Releases
Debian 9.0 (Stretch) was released June 17th, 2017.
New features and updated software packages included:
* Apache 2.4.23
* Bind 9.10
* Calligra 2.9
* Emacs 25.1
* Firefox 50.0
* GNOME desktop environment 3.22
* GNU Compiler Collection 6.3
* GnuPG 2.1
* KDE Plasma Workspaces and KDE Applications 5.8
* LibreOffice 5.2.7
* Linux 4.9
* MariaDB 10.1
* OpenJDK 8
* OpenSSH 7.4p1
* Perl 5.24
* PHP 7.0
* Postfix 3.1
* PostgreSQL 9.6
* Python 3.5
* Samba 4.5.8
* Xen Hypervisor 4.8.1
* the Xfce 4.12 desktop environment
* more than 51,000 other ready-to-use software packages, built
from nearly 25,000 source packages.
For more information on the new features introduced in this
release, see the What's new in Debian 9.0 chapter of Stretch
Release Notes.
The eighteenth DebConf Debconf17 took place in Montreal, Canada,
from 31 July to 12 August 2017, preceded by its DebCamp and the
DebianDay.
The nineteenth DebConf Debconf18 - the first DebConf in Asia -
was held in Hsinchu, Taiwan, from 21 July to 5 August 2018,
traditionally preceded by the DebCamp and an Open Day for the
public.
4.12. The 10.x Releases
Debian 10.0 (Buster) was released July 6th, 2019.
New features and updated software packages included:
* Apache 2.4.38
* Bind 9.11
* Calligra 3.1
* Emacs 26.1
* Firefox 60.7
* GNOME desktop environment 3.30
* GNU Compiler Collection 8.3
* GnuPG 2.2
* KDE Plasma Workspaces and KDE Applications 5.14
* LibreOffice 6.1
* Linux 4.19
* MariaDB 10.3
* OpenJDK 11
* OpenSSH 7.9p1
* Perl 5.28
* PHP 7.3
* Postfix 3.3.2
* PostgreSQL 11
* Python 3.7.3
* Rustc 1.34
* Samba 4.9
* the Xfce 4.12 desktop environment
* more than 57,700 other ready-to-use software packages, built
from nearly 25,000 source packages.
For more information on the new features introduced in this
release, see the What's new in Debian 10.0 chapter of Buster
Release Notes.
Right after the release of Buster, the twentieth DebConf
Debconf19 took place in Curitiba, Brazil, from 14 to 28 July
2019, together with DebCamp and an Open Day.
The twenty-first DebConf Debconf20 was held online - due to
COVID-19 - from August 23rd to 29th, 2020.
4.13. The 11.x Releases
Debian 11.0 (Bullseye) was released August 14th, 2021.
New features and updated software packages included:
* Apache 2.4.48
* Bind 9.16
* Calligra 3.2
* Emacs 27.1
* Firefox 78
* GNOME desktop environment 3.38
* GNU Compiler Collection 10.2
* GnuPG 2.2.27
* KDE Plasma Workspaces and KDE Applications 5.20
* LibreOffice 7.0
* Linux 5.10
* MariaDB 10.5
* OpenJDK 11
* OpenSSH 8.4p1
* Perl 5.32
* PHP 7.4
* Postfix 3.5
* PostgreSQL 13
* Python 3.9.1
* Rustc 1.48
* Samba 4.13
* the Xfce 4.16 desktop environment
* more than 59,500 other ready-to-use software packages, built
from more than 25,000 source packages.
For more information on the new features introduced in this
release, see the What's new in Debian 11.0 chapter of Bullseye
Release Notes.
Right after the release of Bullseye, the twenty-second DebConf
Debconf21 was held online - due to COVID-19 - from August 24 to
August 28, 2021. It was preceded by an (online) DebCamp from
August 15 to August 23, 2021.
DebConf22, the 23rd annual Debian Conference, took place in
Prizren, Kosovo from July 17th to 24th, 2022. We've hosted 260
attendees from 38 different countries participating in 91 event
talks, discussion sessions, Birds of a Feather (BoF) gatherings,
workshops, and other activities.
DebConf23, took place in Kochi, India from September 10th to
17th, 2023. Over 474 attendees representing 35 countries from
around the world came together for a combined 89 events made up
of Talks, Discussions, Birds of a Feather (BoF) gatherings,
workshops, and other activities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
^[2] In the Debian Project Leader Elections of the previous four
years the number of voters had been usually around 40% of the
existing Debian Developers
Skyrius 5. Some Important Events
5.1. 2000 m. spalis: paketų klanų (Package Pools) įgyvendinimas
James Troup reported that he has been working on re-implementing
the archive maintenance tools and switching to package pools.
From this date, files are stored in a directory named after the
corresponding source package inside of the pools directory. The
distribution directories will only contain Packages files that
contain references to the pool. This simplifies overlapping
distributions such as testing and unstable. The archive is also
database-driven using PostgreSQL which also speeds up lookups.
This concept of managing Debian's archives sort of like a package
cache was first introduced by Bdale Garbee in this email to the
debian-devel list in May of 1998.
5.2. 2002 m. lapkritis: sudegė Debian'o serveris
2002 m. lapkričio mėn. 20 d. apie 08:00 CET, Twente universiteto
Tinklo operacijų centre (Network Operations Center (NOC)) kilo
gaisras. Pastatas sudegė iki pamatų. Gaisrininkai prarado
betkokią viltį išgelbėti serverių zoną. Be kitų dalykų čia buvo
satie.debian.org serveris, kuris talpino abu, security ir non-US
archyvus, o taip pat naujų paketų prižiūrėtojų (new-maintainer
(nm)) ir kokybės užtikrinimo (quality assurance (qa)) duomenų
bazes. Debian'as atstatė šias tarnybas klecker kompiuteryje,
kuris nesenai buvo perkeltas iš JAV į Olandiją.
5.3. November 2003: Several Debian servers hacked
Starting 17:00 UTC on November 19th, 2003, four of the project's
main Web servers for bug tracking, mailing lists, security and
Web searches have been compromised. The services were taken down
for inspection and fortunately it could be confirmed, that the
package archive was not affected by this compromise. On November
25th, all services were recovered and back online.
Skyrius 6. Remembering People We Have Lost
6.1. 2000 m. liepa: mirė Joel Klecker
On July 11th, 2000, Joel Klecker, who was also known as Espy,
passed away at 21 years of age. No one who saw 'Espy' in #
mklinux, the Debian lists or channels knew that behind this
nickname was a young man suffering from a form of Duchenne
muscular dystrophy. Most people only knew him as 'the Debian
glibc and powerpc guy' and had no idea of the hardships Joel
fought. Though physically impaired, he shared his great mind with
others.
Mes ilgėsimės Joel Klecker (taip pat žinomo kaip Espy).
6.2. 2001 m. kovas: mirė Christopher Rutter
2001 m. kovo mėn. 1 d. Christopher Matthew Rutter (taip pat
žinomas kaip cmr) žuvo būdamas 19 metų nuo automobilio smūgio.
Christopheris buvo jaunas ir gerai žinomas Debian'o projekto
narys, padėjęs daryti ARM pritaikymą (port). Svetainė
buildd.debian.org yra dedikuota jo atminimui.
Mes pasigesime Chris Rutter.
6.3. 2001 m. kovas: mirė Fabrizio Polacco
2001 m. kovo mėn. 28 d. po ilgos ligos mirė Fabrizio Polacco.
Debian'o projektas gerbė jo gerą darbą ir tvirtą pasišventimą
Debian'ui ir laisvai programinei įrangai. Fabrizio indėlis nebus
užmirštas ir kiti kūrėjai seks jo pėdomis ir tęs jo darbą.
Mes pasigesime Fabrizio Polacco.
6.4. 2002 m. liepa: mirė Martin Butterweck
2002 m. liepos mėn. 21 d. po kovos su leukemija mirė Martinas
Butterweck (taip pat žinomas kaip blendi). Martinas buvo jaunas,
nesenai prisijungęs, Debian'o projekto narys.
Mes pasigesime Martino Butterweck.
6.5. 2004 m. gegužis: mirė Manuel Estrada Sainz ir Andrés García
Solier
Gegužės mėn. 9 d. Manuel Estrada Sainz (ranty) ir Andrés García
Solier (ErConde), grįždami iš laisvos programinės įrangos
konferencijos, vykusios Valencijoje (Ispanija), žuvo tragiško
automobilio avarijos metu.
Mes pasigesime Manuel Estrada Sainz ir Andrés García Solier.
6.6. 2005 m. liepa: mirė Jens Schmalzing
Liepos 30 d. Jens Schmalzing (jensen) žuvo tragiško įvykio jo
darbo vietoje metu Miunchene, Vokietijoje. Jis buvo susietas su
Debian'u kaip keleto paketų prižiūrėtojas, kaip PowerPC
pritaikymo šalininkas, kaip branduolio komandos narys, ir buvo
svarbus asmuo pervedant PowerPC branduolio paketą į versiją 2.6.
Jis taip pat prižiūrėjo Mac-on-Linux emuliatorių ir jo branduolio
modulius, padėjo įdiegiklio kūrime ir Miuncheno vietinės veiklos
reikaluose.
Mes pasigesime Jens Schmalzing.
6.7. 2008 m. gruodis: mirė Thiemo Seufer
On December 26th Thiemo Seufer (ths) died in a car accident. He
was the lead maintainer of the MIPS and MIPSEL port and he had
also contributed at length in the debian-installer long before he
became a Debian developer in 2004. As a member of the QEMU team
he wrote most of the MIPS emulation layer.
Mes pasigesime Thiemo Seufer.
6.8. July 2009: Steve Greenland died
On July 18th Steve Greenland (stevegr) died of cancer. He was the
maintainer of many core packages (such as cron) since he joined
Debian in 1999.
Steve Greenland will be missed.
6.9. August 2010: Frans Pop died
Frans Pop (fjp) died on August 20th. Frans was involved in Debian
as a maintainer of several packages, a supporter of the S/390
port, and one of the most involved members of the Debian
Installer team. He was a Debian listmaster, editor and release
manager of the Installation Guide and the release notes, as well
as a Dutch translator.
Frans Pop will be missed.
6.10. April 2011: Adrian von Bidder died
Adrian von Bidder (cmot) died on April 17th. Adrian was one of
the founding members and secretary of debian.ch, he sparked many
ideas that made Debian Switzerland be what it is today. Adrian
also actively maintained software in the Debian package archive,
and represented the project at numerous events.
Mes pasigesime Adrian von Bidder.
6.11. May 2013: Ray Dassen died
Ray Dassen (jdassen) died on May 18th. Ray was a Debian Developer
for incredible 19 years. He joined the project in 1994, and
continued to be an active contributor until his passing. Ray was
one of the founding members of the Debian GNOME team, his
friendliness and willingness to help fostered a spirit of
collaboration within the GNOME team. He continued his involvement
within Debian as the maintainer of several packages, most notably
the Gnumeric spreadsheet.
Mes pasigesime Ray Dassen.
6.12. June 2013: Paul Cupis died
Paul Cupis died on 17th June 2013, he was 32 years old. He joined
Debian in 2003. Paul (cupis@debian.org) was active in maintaining
the doctorj (analyzing Javadoc comments) and other packages in
Debian.
Paul Cupis will be missed.
6.13. 2014 m. liepa: mirė Peter Miller
Peter Miller died on July 27th. Peter was a relative newcomer to
the Debian project, but his contributions to Free and Open Source
Software go back to the late 1980s. Peter was significant
contributor to GNU gettext as well as being the main upstream
author and maintainer of other projects that ship as part of
Debian, including, but not limited to srecord, aegis and cook.
Peter was also the author of the paper Recursive Make Considered
Harmful.
Mes pasigesime Peter Miller.
6.14. February 2015: Clytie Siddall died
Clytie Siddall died in February 2015. Clytie was a contributor of
Vietnamese translations to Debian and other projects for many
years. Within Debian she worked on translations for the
installer, dpkg, apt and various documentation. She also
contributed translations within the GNOME community and many
other projects. Clytie was also a GNOME foundation member between
2005 and 2007.
Mes pasigesime Clytie Siddall.
6.15. 2015 m. gruodis: mirė Ian Murdock
Ian Murdock, the founder of the Debian Project and its community,
died in December 2015. Ian was introduced to computers early in
his life, he started actively programming at nine years of age.
With the idea and the opportunity to make something better, he
started the Debian Project in August of 1993. At that time, the
whole concept of a "distribution" of Linux was new. Inspired as
he said by Linus Torvalds' own sharing of Linux, he released
Debian with the intention that this distribution should be made
openly, in the spirit of Linux and GNU. Ian's dream lives on:
Debian is made up of a strong community that has fostered
development, growth, and wonder. It remains incredibly active
with thousands of developers working untold hours to bring the
world a reliable and secure operating system. Debian has sparked
the interest, curiosity, and passion of those who want to make
something better. Then, now, and far into the future.
The Debian 9 Stretch release was dedicated in his memory.
Mes pasigesime Ian Murdock.
6.16. September 2016: Kristoffer H. Rose died
Kristoffer H. Rose died on September 17th 2016 after a long
battle with myelofibrosis. Kristoffer was a Debian contributor
from the very early days of the project, and the upstream author
of several packages, such as the LaTeX package Xy-pic and FlexML.
On his return to the project after several years' absence, many
of us had the pleasure of meeting Kristoffer during DebConf15 in
Heidelberg.
Kristoffer H. Rose will be missed.
6.17. September 2018: Innocent de Marchi died
Innocent was a math teacher and a free software developer. One of
his passions was tangram puzzles, which led him to write a
tangram-like game that he later packaged and maintained in
Debian. Soon his contributions expanded to other areas, and he
also worked as a tireless translator into Catalan. Innocent de
Marchi will be missed.
6.18. March 2019: Lucy Wayland died
Lucy was a contributor within the Cambridge (UK) Debian
community, helping to organise the Cambridge Mini-DebConf since
several years. She was a strong fighter for diversity and
inclusion, and participated in the creation of the Debian
Diversity Team, working on increasing the visibility of
under-represented groups and providing support with respect to
diversity issues within the community. Lucy Wayland will be
missed.
6.19. June 2020: Robert Lemmen died
In June 2020, Robert Lemmen passed away after a serious illness.
Robert had been regularly attending the Debian Munich meetups
since the early 00s and helped with local booths. He had been a
Debian Developer since 2007. Among other contributions, he
packaged modules for Raku (Perl6 at that time) and helped other
contributors to get involved in the Raku Team. He also put effort
into tracking down circular dependencies in Debian. Robert Lemmen
will be missed.
6.20. June 2020: Karl Ramm died
Karl Ramm passed away in June 2020, after complications due to
metastatic colon cancer. He had been a Debian Developer since
2001 and packaged several components of MIT's Project Athena. He
was passionate about technology and Debian, and always interested
in helping others to find and promote their passions. Karl Ramm
will be missed.
6.21. January 2021: Adam Conrad died
Adam "infinity" Conrad (formerly adconrad@d.o) passed away 26
January 2021 at the age of 43 years. Adam Conrad will be missed.
6.22. April 2021: Rogério Theodoro de Brito died
In April 2021, we lost Rogério Theodoro de Brito due to the
COVID-19 pandemic. Rogério enjoyed coding small tools and had
been a Debian contributor for more than 15 years. Among other
projects, he contributed toward the use of Kurobox/Linkstation
devices in Debian and maintained the youtube-dl tool. He also
participated and was "Debian contact" in several upstream
projects. Rogério Theodoro de Brito will be missed.
6.23. September 2023: Abraham Raji died
On 13th September 2023 Abraham Raji was involved in a fatal
accident during a kayaking trip.
Abraham was a popular and respected Debian Developer as well a
prominent free software champion in his home state of Kerala,
India. He was a talented graphic designer and led design and
branding work for DebConf23 and several other local events in
recent years. Abraham gave his time selflessly when mentoring new
contributors to the Debian project, and he was instrumental in
creating and maintaining the Debian India website.
The Debian Project honors his good work and strong dedication to
Debian and Free Software. Abraham’s contributions will not be
forgotten, and the high standards of his work will continue to
serve as an inspiration to others.
6.24. December 2023: Gunnar Hjalmarsson died
Debian Developer Gunnar Hjalmarsson passed away in 2023. Gunnar
was a consistent and valued contributor to Ubuntu since 2010
particularly on internationalization efforts and became similarly
involved in Debian. He was an active maintainer in the Debian
GNOME and Input Method teams.
Gunnar Hjalmarsson (1958-10-06 - 2023-12-20, Sweden) will be
missed.
6.25. July 2024: Peter De Schrijver died
Debian Developer (since 2004) and Linux kernel hacker Peter "p2"
De Schrijver passed away in July 2024. Many of us knew Peter as a
very helpful and dedicated person and we valued his contributions
to our project and the Linux community. Peter was a regular and
familiar face in many conferences and meets across the world.
Peter was highly regarded for his technical expertise in problem
solving and for his willingness to share that knowledge. When
asked "what are you working on?", Peter would often take the time
to explain something you thought was extremely complicated
understandably, or show you in- person his high technical
proficiency in action on such tasks as translating a disassembled
binary into C source code.
Peter's work, ideals, and memory leave a remarkable legacy and a
loss that is felt around the world not only in the many
communities he interacted with but in those he inspired and
touched as well.
Peter De Schrijver (1970-09-17, Antwerp - 2024-07-12, Finland)
will be missed.
6.26. November 2024: Jérémy Bobbio died
Jérémy "lunar" Bobbio, 41 years old, died on November 8, 2024.
Lunar was very active as a Debian Developer, worked on the Tor
project, and was one of the founders of the Reproducible Builds
movement. They are remembered as a creative, thoughtful, smart
activist; who made a huge impact on very thriving Free Software
projects. Jérémy Bobbio will be missed.
6.27. January 2025: Steve Langasek died
Steve Langasek, 45, of Portland, Oregon, passed away on January
1, 2025, at Oregon Health and Science University Hospital. Steve
was one of the Release Managers during the Debian 3.1 "sarge"
release, in 2005 as well as during the 4.0 "etch" release in
2007. Steve Langasek (1979-04-27 - 2025-01-01, Portland) will be
missed.
Skyrius 7. Kas toliau?
The Debian Project continues to work on the unstable distribution
(codenamed sid, after the evil and "unstable" kid next door from
the Toy Story 1 who should never be let out into the world). Sid
is the permanent name for the unstable distribution and is always
'Still In Development'. Most new or updated packages are uploaded
into this distribution.
The testing release is intended to become the next stable release
and is currently (as of July 2024) codenamed Trixie.
Priedas A. Debian'o manifestas
Parašė Ianas A. Murdockas, Pataisyta 1994-01-06
A.1. Kas tai - Debian Linux?
Debian Linux yra visiškai nauja Linux distributyvo rūšis. Vietoje
to, kad būtų kuriamas vieno izoliuoto asmens ar grupės, kaip kiti
Linux distributyvai buvo kuriami pastaruoju metu, Debian'as yra
kuriamas atvirai, Linux ir GNU dvasioje. Svarbiausias Debian'o
projekto tikslas yra galiausiai sukurti distributyvą, kuris būtų
vertas Linux vardo. Debian'as yra kruopščiai ir sąžiningai
surinktas į vieną visumą, ir prižiūrimas bei palaikomas panašiu
atidumu.
Tai taip pat yra mėginimas sukurti nekomercinį distributyvą,
galinti efektyviai konkuruoti rinkoje su komerciniais. Pagaliau
jį platins Laisvos programinės įrangos fondas (The Free Software
Foundation) CD-ROM laikmenose. O Debian Linux asociacija pasiūlys
distributyvą lanksčiuose diskeliuose ir magnetinėse juostose
kartu su atspausdintais sistemos naudojimo vadovais, techninį
palaikymą ir kitus naudojimui svarbius dalykus. Visa tai bus
prieinama už truputį didesnę kainą nei savikaina, ir pelnas bus
panaudotas tolimesniam laisvos programinės įrangos, skirtos
visiems naudotojams, kūrimui.
A.2. Kodėl Debian'as buvo sukurtas?
Distributyvai yra būtini Linux ateičiai. Iš esmės, jie eliminuoja
poreikį naudotojui parsisiųsti, pasidėti, kompiliuoti, įdiegti ir
integruoti gana didelį kieki esminių įrankiu, kurių reikia
veikiančios Linux sistemos surinkimui. Vietoje to konstravimu
rūpinasi distributyvo kūrėjas, kurio darbu gali pasinaudoti
tūkstančiai naudotojų. Beveik visi pradeda pažintį su Linux per
distributyvą, o kai jau bus pažįstami su operacine sistema, ir
toliau dauguma naudos distributyvą dėl patogumo. Taigi
distributyvas iš tikrųjų atlieka labai svarbų vaidmenį.
Nepaisant akivaizdaus distributyvų svarbumo, jie pritraukia mažai
kūrėjų. Tam yra paprasta priežastis: nėra nei lengva, nei
patrauklu jį konstruoti, ir tas darbas reikalauja daug kūrėjo
pastangų, kad distributyvas būtų šiuolaikiškas ir be klaidų.
Viena yra sukurti sistemą nuo nulio, ir visai kita - užtikrinti,
kad sistemą būtų lengva įdiegti, ji veiktų esant įvairioms
techninės įrangos konfigūracijoms ir turėtų veikiančią, nuolat
atnaujinamą, atsiradus sistemos komponentų patobulinimams,
programinę įrangą.
Daugelis distributyvų buvo pradėti kaip gana geros sistemos, bet
lakui bėgant, distributyvo priežiūra tampa antraeilis dalykas.
Pavyzdžiui, Softlanding Linux System (geriau žinomas kaip SLS).
Tikriausiai tai labiausiai pažeidžiamas ir blogiausiai
prižiūrimas distributyvas; deja, jis turbūt yra ir pats
populiariausias. Tai, be abejo, distributyvas, kuris pritraukia
daugiausia komercinių Linux'ų platintojų, kurie savo ruožtu
pelnosi iš didėjančio šios operacinės sistemos populiarumo.
Tai iš tikrųjų yra blogas derinys, nes dauguma žmonių, kurie
įsigyja Linux'ą iš tokių „platintojų“, gauna pažeidžiamą ir
blogai prižiūrimą Linux distributyvą. Negana to, šie
„platintojai“ kelia nerimą reklamuodami neveikiančius arba labai
nestabilius produktus. Daugelis pirkėjų, žinoma, tikisi, kad
produktas atitinka reklamą ir mano, kad tai komercinė operacine
sistema (dabar dažnai neminima, kad Linux yra laisvas ir
platinamas pagal bendrąją viešąją licenciją GPL). Ir galiausiai,
šių „platintojų“ pastangos pasiteisina, jie iš to uždirbai
pakankamai, kad galėtų geriau išreklamuoti produktą didesniame
kiekyje žurnalų. Tai klasikinis nepriimtino elgesio pavyzdys,
kuomet pelnomasi iš tų, kurie paprasčiausiai nežino nieko
geresnio. Žinoma, reikia kažką daryti, kad ši situacija
pasikeistų.
A.3. Kaip Debian'as stengsis įveikti šias problemas?
Debian'o kūrimo procesas yra atviras, tam kad būtų užtikrinta
aukšta sistemos kokybė ir ji atspindėtų vartotojų bendruomenės
poreikius. Įtraukdamas kitus, turinčius sugebėjimų ir patirties,
Debian'as gali būti kuriamas moduliniu būdu. Jo komponentai yra
aukštos kokybės, kadangi turintys kompetencijos tam tikroje
srityje, gali konstruoti ir tvarkyti atskirus Debian'o
komponentus. Kitų įtraukimas taip pat garantuoja, kad reikšmingi
patobulinimo pasiūlymai bus panaudoti distributyvo tolesnio
vystymo metu; taigi distributyvas yra kuriamas remiantis
naudotojų, o ne kūrėjo norais ir poreikiais. Vienam asmeniui arba
nedideliai grupei šiuos poreikius ir norus numatyti iš anksto yra
labai sunku, kai prie to tiesiogiai neprisideda kiti.
Debian Linux distributyvą fizinėse laikmenose platins Laisvos
programinės įrangos fondas (The Free Software Foundation) ir
Debian Linux asociacija. Šios organizacijos sudarys sąlygas
Debian'u naudotis ir neturintiems prieigos prie Interneto ar FTP,
papildomai siūlys produktus (pvz.,vartotojo vadovus) ir paslaugas
(pvz., techninį aptarnavimą) visiems sistemos vartotojams. Tokiu
būdu Debian'ą galės naudoti daug daugiau pavienių asmenų ar
organizacijų, dėmesys bus sutelktas ne į pelną ir apyvartą, bet į
aukštos klasės produktų tiekimą, o už produktus ir paslaugas
gautos pajamos galės būti naudojamos programinės įrangos, skirtos
visiems vartotojams, nepriklausomai ar jie mokėjo ją įsigydami ar
ne, tobulinimui.
Laisvos programinės įrangos fondas (The Free Software Foundation)
yra labai svarbus Debian'o ateičiai. Tuo, kad jis platins šį
distributyvą, pasauliui bus pranešama, kad Linux nėra ir niekada
nebus komercinis produktas, bet tai nereiškia, kad Linux niekada
negalės konkuruoti su komerciniais produktais. Tuos, kurie su tuo
nesutinkate, aš siūlau pasidomėti apie GNU Emacs ir GCC,
programų, kurios nėra komercinės, bet kurios, nepaisant to, turi
gana nemažą įtaką komercinėje rinkoje, sėkmę.
Atėjo laikas labiau koncentruotis į Linux ateitį, negu į
destruktyvų praturtėjimą visos Linux bendruomenės ir jos ateities
sąskaita. Debian'o kūrimas ir platinimas galbūt nėra atsakymas į
šiame manifeste iškeltas problemas, bet aš tikiuosi, kad tai
atkreips pakankamą dėmesį į šias problemas, tam, kad jos galėtų
būti sprendžiamos.